Subjective Question Answer
Q: 1: What do you know about Land reforms? [Marks 2] Answer:(PAGE 59)
Land Reforms are introduced from time to time by different governments: in 1959, 1972, and 1977.
The aim was to reduce land holding and to strengthen the position of tenants. It was done for
improving yield per acre and poverty alleviation in agriculture field.
Q: 2: What do you know about international relations as a field
of study? [Marks 2]
Answer:
As an academic field of study, International Relations (IR) became an area of inquiry in 1919 when the University of Wales created its department of International Politics and Georgetown created its department of International Relations. The field is devoted to the explicit study of how the system of states could be made to work more effectively to enhance the power of law, peacefully manage interstate affairs, preserve order and minimize the prospects of war.
Q: 3: Do you think that there is Equal Standard of achieving education in Pakistan? [Marks 3]
Answer:
(My opinion) No, I don’t think because there is much diversity between Private and Government institutes. The education in private schools is too expensive and there is lack of facilities, building in Government institutes. There is syllabus diversity also found.
Q: 4: Write about the Election 1977 and agitation. [Marks 3]
Answer: (PAGE 50-60)
1977 Elections and Agitation: As a result of elections of 1977 PPP won the elections. But joint opposition blamed a mass rigging in the election results. They demanded fresh elections. Bhutto initially was stubborn but later showed inclination to compromise but history has taken a U-turn. As he refused to negotiate the elected majority party in 1971, now opposition refused to compromise and took the 50 case to the streets. Urban shopkeepers, businessmen, students, women and even the intelligentsia joined hands against the government. The result was the third Martial Law and end of democracy.
Q: 5: What is the reaction of Muslim league on Cabinet Mission Plan (1946?) [Marks 5]
Answer: (PAGE 27)
The ML was disappointed by the British behaviour and decided to review its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan.
Direct Action Day:
August 16, 1946 The ML’s timely coercive political strategy brought the Congress on table with the British. The Interim Government was formed under Nehru on September 2, 1946 and the ML stayed away. They joined it on October 25, 1946: Liaquat Ali Khan Sardar Abdur-Rab Nishtar Raja Gazanfar Ali I. I. Chundrigar J. N. Mandal There were a number of problems of smooth functioning of the Interim Government due to the Muslim-Hindu differences.
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Q: 6: Write down about the Principles of state Policy according to Constitution 1956. [Marks 5]
Answer: (PAGE 43)
These principles provided guidelines for policy making. Principles of Objectives Resolution were included as preamble. The other principles included surety about Islamic practices, Welfare of people,
non- discrimination, and fulfillment of basic needs, etc.
Q: 7: How many kinds of Education are there in Pakistan? [Marks 5]
Answer: (PAGE 63-64)
Q: 8: What do know about River system of Pakistan? [Marks 5]
Answer: (PAGE 58)
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Q: 9: Draw attention towards Pakistan’s nuclear policy. [Marks 5]
Answer: (PAGE 66)
Q: 10: Write down the process of Islamization initialization by Zia Regime. [Marks 5]
Answer: (PAGE 51)
Q: 11: What was the issue of Separate or Joint Electorate in the begining years of Pakistan?
Separate or Joint Electorate:
Separate electorate was adopted on the demand of Muslims in 1909 by the British Government. But the minorities did not favor this after independence. Religious elements supported this as a part of heritage.
East: decided for Joint Electorate. West: Separate electorate.
1957: Joint Electorate was adopted for all Pakistan by the National Assembly.
Q: 12: Why population figures are important?
Population figures are important for Planning and development, Socio-economic development and poverty alleviation etc.
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Q: 13: Very shortly emphasize on the Cottage Industry of Pakistan
Cottage Industry of Pakistan:
Industries established on small scale, involving a household or small number of people, use of limited resources, having less investment are called small or cottage industries e.g., Carpets, sports goods, toys, power or handlooms, handicraft etc.
Q: 14: Draw attention to Pakistan's Neighborhoods
Neighborhoods of Pakistan:
Pakistan is located in strategically important region. It is the center of global interests. For all the big powers like China and Russia it is important. U.S maintains interests to keep an eye on both China and Russia. It is on the gateway of Central Asian Muslim States through Afghanistan. On the other side of it is the outer region of the Gulf region having rich oil resources and economic wealth. Pakistan has close brotherly ties with these states. Now the pipelines of oil and gas are planning to be passed through Pakistan. It will be a new start of economic cooperation in the region.
Q: 15: What kind of nature/character Pakistan's nuclear policy has?
Nuclear Policy:
Pakistan has been champion of peaceful uses of nuclear technology. Pakistan avoided nuclear explosions despite having the knowledge and capability of processing Plutonium, Uranium. It was only for the sake of deterrence and reaction to India’s nuclear explosions.
Q: 16: Highlight the “Shahabuddine Commission” set up by Ayub Khan in 1960?
Shahabuddine Commission:
This commission was set up by Ayub Khan in 1960.The tasks assigned to the Commission were:
To examine the causes of failure of Parliamentary system.
Recommend a new system keeping in view the
Genius of people
Standard of education
Internal conditions of the country
Need of development
Q: 17: Write a short note on the "PIRPUR REPORT"(1938)?
The Pirpur Report:
On March 28, 1938, the Council of ML appointed an eight-member committee under the president ship of Raja Syed Muhammad Mehdi of Pirpur that presented its report on, November 15, 1938. It tried to dig out the cruelties of the Congress ministries in seven provinces. The report took up the Congress support to the rival Muslim organizations, intimidation and threats to the pro-Muslim League people.
Q: 18: What kind of objections were raised by the Non-Muslims on The Objectives Resolution 1949?
Objections by Non-Muslims on The Objectives Resolution:
The major objection by the Non-Muslims was that the government was trying to mix the religion and politics that was against the spirit of democracy. The non-Muslims objected on the ‘Sovereignty of Allah’ and ‘minorities’ rights, saying it would promote inequality in the society.
They were also of view that Shariah was not adequate for the modern time. They feared that it would encourage the religious extremists to work for the establishment of a ‘theocratic state.’
Q: 19: Define Constitution?
Constitution is the system for government often codified a written document that
establishes the rules and principles of autonoumus.
Q: 20: Very shortly tell about the Fisheries Sector in Pakistan
It offers direct employmentto our one million peoples most of which
work as fisherme
Q: 21: Write not on the National Language Issue under the Constitution of 1973?
1) The National language of Pakistan is Urdu, and arrangements shall be made for its being used for official and other purposes within fifteen years from the commencing day.
2) Subject to clause (1), the English language may be used for official purposes until arrangements are made for its replacement by Urdu.
3) Without prejudice to the status of the National Language, a Provincial Assembly may by law prescribe measure for the teaching, promotion and use of a provincial language in addition to the national language.
Q: 22: Write down the partition process for Bengal?
The Partition of Bengal in 1947 divided Bengal into the two separate entities of West Bengal
belonging to India, and East Bengal belonging to Pakistan. This was part of the Partition of
India and officially took place during August 14-August 15, 1947. East Bengal was renamed
East Pakistan, and later became the independent nation
of Bangladesh after the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971.
Q: 23: What did Muslim gain from the Lucknow Pact?
The most significant achievement of this pact for the Muslims was that for the first time the Congress had recognized the Muslim League as a representative body of the Muslims of the sub-continent and they were granted separate electorates in the provincial as well as in Imperial Legislative Council.
Q: 24: Write a short note on The Quit India Movement 1942?
The Quit India Movement (Bharat Chhodo Andolan or the August Movement) was a civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in response to Mohandas Gandhi's call for immediate independence. Gandhi hoped to bring the Britishgovernment to the negotiating table. Almost the entire Indian NationalCongress leadership, and not just at the national level, was put into confinement less than twenty-four hours after Gandhi's speech, and the greater number of the Congress leaders were to spend the rest of World War II in jail...
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Q: 25: Explain the Evolution of Two-Nation Theory in the Subcon?
The Two-Nation Theory was the basis for the Partition of India in 1947. It stated that Muslims and Hindus were two separate nations by every definition, and therefore Muslims should have an autonomous homeland in the Muslim majority areas of British India for the safeguard of their political, cultural, and social rights, within or without a United India.
The Two-Nation Theory is the ideology that the primary identity of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent is their religion, rather than their language or ethnicity, and
therefore Indian Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nationalities, regardless of ethnic or other commonalities.This Theory was a founding principle of the Pakistan Movement (i.e. the Ideology of Pakistan ), and the Partition of India in 1947.
Q: 26: Write a very short note on Pakistan National Movement in 1940?
The Pakistan Movement refers to the independence movement of Pakistan from the British Indian empire and its emergence as a sovereign country. It has its origins in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. The movement was led by
lawyer Muhammad Ali Jinnah and such leaders as Allama Iqbal, Liaqat Ali Khan, Fatima Jinnah,Bahadur Yar Jung, Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, A.K. Fazlul Huq, and Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar, Sir Ziauddin Ahmed.
Q: 27: What were the main points of Lucknow Pact?
The main clauses of the Lucknow Pact were:
There shall be self-government in India.
Muslims should be given one-third representation in the central government
There should be separate electorates for all the communities until a community
demanded for joint electorates.
System of weightage should be adopted.
Q: 28: Write a note on The Communal Award, 1932?
Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald announced the Communal Award:
Separate electorate for all minorities of India.
Weightage to minorities
No Muslim majorities in Punjab and Bengal as was followed in Lucknow Pact
One third representation for Muslims in Central legislature
One fourth representation for Muslims in services
Sind to be made a province
Q: 29: Express Gandhi-Jinnah Talks, September 1944?
MK Gandhi did not accept the Hindus and Muslims as Two Nations and emphasized on the freedom of united India. Jinnah told him that the Muslims could never budge even a single inch from their ideological and constitutional demand.
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Q: 30: What were the salient features of the Minto-Morley Reforms?
This act was another step towards giving Indians more representation in the Government.
This act provided,
_ Expansion of Legislative Councils
_ Central: Additional members up to 60
_ But official majority remained there.
_ Provincial: Size varied in different provinces.
_ Bombay, Madras, Bengal, UP: 50
_ Non-official majority
_ Not all the members were elected.
_ Powers of the Councils were increased. Now
_ Budget could be discussed. Members were allowed to present Resolutions and put up questions.
_ Executive Councils were formed for Bombay, Madras and Bengal and Lt.Governor Provinces.
_ Elections were to be held by University Senate, District Boards, Municipal Committees, Zamindars, and Chambers of Commerce.
_ Separate Electorate was accepted for minorities.
Q: 31: Highlight the Second Roundtable Conference?
Maulana M. A. Jauhar had died after the first conference. Iqbal, Jinnah and others
participated in the second conference. Gandhi represented the Congress. The key issues of the session were ‘Federation’ and ‘Minorities.
Q: 32: Briefly tell The Direct-Action Day August 16, 1946?
ANS: August 16,1946 The ML’s timely coercive political strategy brought the Congress on table with the British. The Interim Government was formed under Nehru on September 2, 1946 and the ML stayed away.
They joined it on October 25, 1946:
_ Liaquat Ali Khan
_ Sardar Abdur-Rab Nishtar
_ Raja Gazanfar Ali
_ Chundrigar
_ J. N. Mandal
There were a number of problems of smooth functioning of the Interim Government due to the Muslim-Hindu differences.
Q: 33: Explain the Cancellation of the Partition of Bengal?
The cancellation of the Partition of Bengal was announced in 1911.The British government revoked the partition to avoid trouble on the visit of King George V. The Muslims were disappointed by the government response to the violent strategy of protests
adopted by the Hindus
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Q: 34: Highlight Iqbal's vision of a separate Muslim state in the Subcontinent?
VISION OF A SEPARATE MUSLIM STATE
Men like Allama Iqbal are born but in centuries. He was conscious of significance of Islam in lives
of the Muslims. His first public appearance was in 1899 at the annual session of Anjuman Himayat-i-Islam in Lahore when he presented the poem, Nala-i-Yatim.
At initial stages Dr Iqbal was a nationalist by ideas and his poetry contained verses like Tarana-i-Hind. His poetry was a critique of the existing societal conditions. Being educated from Europe,he knew all weak aspects of the Western culture. He criticized capitalism, materialism and lack ofspiritualism.
IQBAL- Focus on the conditions of the Indian Muslims Islam can salvage the Muslims
Islam has always saved Muslim
Islam is a living and dynamic ideology that can meet modern challenges
Islam to help them to overcome their internal discord and enable them to meet external challenges With spiritualism based derived from Islam
Ijtehad and Reinterpretation
(READ: Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam)
Address to the Muslim League Session, Allahabad, December 1930 I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Balochistan amalgamated into a single state as a self government within the British empire or without. This is the final destiny of the
Muslims of N.W. India.
Q: 35: Briefly tell about the Relations between Pakistan and Egypt?
Egypt under Nasser had some reservations due to Pakistan’s ties with the West. Pakistan supported Egypt when it was attacked by Israel in 1956, 1967, 1973. The relations began to improve since 1967 and especially after the death of Nasser in 1970.
Q: 36: Write a very brief note on Land Reforms in Pakistan?
Land Reforms are introduced from time to time by different governments: in 1959, 1972, and 1977. The aim was to reduce land holding and to strengthen the position of tenants. It was done for improving yield per acre and poverty alleviation in agriculture field.
Q: 37: What was the total strength of the National Assembly under the 1956 Constitution?
The President was to be elected by National Assembly (NA)
sure, that PM did not enjoy the support of majority in the National Assembly. National Assembly was the only house of the parliament having a membership of 300 plus10 women seats.
All legislative powers were rested with NA. NA could control the Executive.
Q: 38: Draw attention to Junagarh issue.
It was a small state with access to sea having about 7 lakh population and 3377 mile area. The ruler was Muslim while the majority of its population was Hindu. The ruler decided to accede to Pakistan and Pakistan also accepted the accession. In November 1947, the Indian troops entered the state and took its control. The referendum favoured India.
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Q: 39: Briefly tell about the issue of Islamic or Secular status of Pakistan as a State?
From the very beginning of Pakistan Movement there was an agreement that the state will have close relationship with Islam. Muslims defined their national identity with reference to Islam and its heritage. Some opposition came from the Congress members of the Constituent Assembly, and a few secularists.
There was a BROAD AGREEMENT that the state will identify itself with Islam. The Constituent Assembly took time to define the precise relationship between the state and Islam
Q: 40: Write down some line about the educational career of Allama Iqbal.
Iqbal began his education in a Maktab (Religious School).He passed his matriculation in 1893, and joined the Scotch Mission College (now called Murray College) for his intermediate examination. Iqbal passed intermediate with honour and shifted to Lahore and joined the Government College. He graduated cum- laude and was also awarded a scholarship for further study leading towards a master’s degree in Philosophy.
Q: 41: Write a note on the Geographical location of Pakistan.
Pakistan is located between 24_37 degrees North latitude 61_75 degrees East longitude.
Its area is 796,095 sq Kilometers.
Q: 42: What do you know about the River/Cannal System in Pakistan?
The river system of Pakistan is consisted of Indus and other associated rivers. We have a well defined Canal system. The most important one is the Indus Basin project. What we require is the proper management of water, its conservation, effective use, storage,dams and flood control. Water is dangerous if it is too much, it become a problem if it is too little.It is used for Agriculture where it is the backbone of agro- economy. It is also a cheapest source of hydroelectric Power generation.
Q: 43: Write a note on the industrialization in Pakistan during Bhutto and Zia’s regimes.
New democratic government of PPP after assuming power adopted the policy of nationalisation.Ten basic industries were nationalised. Later some others were also taken over to have a greater state role. Initial euphoria ended and industrial output suffered. It also caused flight of capital from the country.
Q: 44: What were the policies adopted by the Congress Government after the elections of 1937?
Write down the names of the members of Simla Deputation?
The Simla deputation comprised 35 Muslims
from all over India.it was the most representative Muslim delegation. This delegation was led by Sir Agha Khan and Nawab Mohsin ul Malik served as a secretary.
Briefly tell about The Cripps Mission, March 1942
Q: 45: Define Constitution?
Constitution is a set of basic principles and framework for governance and exercise of
political power and legal authority. It clarifies the scope of power, relationship among various institutions within the government and society. It has precedence over ordinary laws and cannot be changed like ordinary laws.
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Q: 46: Write note on Islamic Research Institute under the 1962 Constitution?
Islamic Research Institute It was designed for the Research and instructions in Islam for assisting the reconstruction of Muslim society on truly Islamic lines.
Q: 47: Write a short not on Pakistan's Papulation and its features?
Pakistan is having a large population. The growth rate recorded over 3 percent
in the 1970s to
early 1990s. Now declined due to a number of measures by the government but still it is higher as
compare to the other countries of the region. Census is taken after every ten years.
More than 50 Percent population is under the age of 21. A large part of this population is dependent.
Add to this people over 65 years.
About 30 percent population lives in urban areas.
Why migrations to urban areas: Education, jobs, facilities etc.
Impact of urbanization: Poor civic conditions, education, health, housing, town planning etc.
Provincial population. Punjab 56-57 percent
Sind 23 percent
NWFP 14 percent
Baluchistan 5.3 percent
Low literacy rate: Official literacy rate is 46 percent but functional literacy rate is even
lower.
Women literacy rate is much lower. In certain areas of Baluchistan women literacy is
nominal to non-existent.
Why population figures are important. For Planning and development, Socio- economic
development and poverty alleviation etc.
Social development indicators are poor in Pakistan. No ideal figure for population
can be named. It depends upon the resources. High population is asset as well as a
liability because we cannot feed them.
Efforts to manage population are being done by the Government as well as by non-governmental organizations in the field of health care, family planning and education.
Q: 48: What were the Islamic Provisions introduced in the Constitution of 1962?
Islamic Provisions
Objectives Resolution was the Preamble of the Constitution. Other Islamic provisions were a part
of Principles of Policy and not the constitution.
Q: 49: Very shortly describe Pakistan's Literacy Rate?
In Pakistan literacy rate is 46 per cent. While meaningful literacy is far less.
Female literacy is
lower. In rural areas literacy is much low.
Q: 50: Draw attention to the Criticism on the 2nd Basic Principles Committee Report 1952?
The politicians particularly from the Punjab deplored the Report because
formation of the UH on
the basis of representation was not acceptable. It was declared against the principle of federation.
The WP favoured equality only for Upper House. The political crisis removed Prime Minister
Nazimuddin and attention diverted from the core issue.
Q: 51: Very shortly describe Distance Education in Pakistan
People do not go to an institution but stay home and get education. This method
is useful for
people in service and for those living in remote areas. This is a method of Improvement of
qualification without actually going to an institution.
It is a Flexible system in which Lectures and tutorial system are used through media.
Examples are:
Allama Iqbal Open University.
Virtual University: TV and Internet.
Q: 52: What are the main problems that Pakistan Agriculture Sector is facing?
There are number of problems in our agriculture, for instance:
Outdated modes of cultivation, which cause low per acre yield.
Water Logging and Salinity.
Attention is being given to these since mid-1960.
Crop diseases are big problem. Technical support is being provided by Department of Agricultural. It helped to overcome the problem. Our inputs have problem
of quality, which cause low prices in market. Other handicaps are low quality seeds,
costly fertilizers, non-availability of electricity or oil for tube well etc.
Water related problem, sometimes it is too little, but sometimes it is too much. Cleaning of Canals is also necessary to provide water at the end of canal.
Credit facilities are also problematic.
Access to market is difficult.
Availability of reasonable price should be ensured for the welfare of the farmers
and high yield of crop.
Q: 53: Describe the Background of the Constitution of 1962?
Background
Military took over on 7 October 1958 and consequently Ayub Khan became Chief Martial Law
Administrator. One major task was to frame a new Constitution. The administration was critical of
Parliamentary system because it caused instability in the past. They sought stability of the nation
in the gradual development of democracy.
Q: 54: Give details about the 1977 Elections and Agitation
1977 Elections and Agitation:
As a result of elections of 1977 PPP won the elections. But joint opposition blamed a mass
rigging in the election results. They demanded fresh elections. Bhutto initially was stubborn but
later showed inclination to compromise but history has taken a U-turn. As he refused to negotiate
the elected majority party in 1971, now opposition refused to compromise and took the case to
the streets. Urban shopkeepers, businessmen, students, women and even the intelligentsia
joined hands against the government. The result was the third Martial Law and end of democracy.
Q: 55: Write a very brief note on the 2nd Constituent Assembly 1955?
2nd Constituent Assembly, June-July 1955
Ghulam Muhammad called a Convention on May 10, 1955. All its members were to be elected
indirectly (by the provincial assemblies). In this way, the 2nd CA came into existence.
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Q: 56: What is the situation of resources or budget allocation in education sector of Pakistan?
Problem of Resources:
Resource allocation for education is far from satisfactory. It is much less than what a large
number of countries spend on education, especially those having developed after World War II.
Most of these allocations go to salaries and administration.
Fewer amounts are given for infrastructure, facilities of research and development.
Q: 57: How do you explain "Diversity in the nature of Territory" of Pakistan?
Diversity in the nature of territory:
North and Northwest: It includes Mountains of Himalayan and trans-Himalayan Ranges, Korakoram & Pamirs, which includes some of highest peaks like K2, Nanga
Parbat etc.
West: Baluchistan Plateau is about 1000 feet in elevation with dry mountains crossing it from northeast to the southwest. Here very little rainfall occurs.
Indus Plains: Main agricultural region in the middle of the Indus valley.
The Potohar Plateau is there in the East of upper Indus plains.
In South East of Indus Plains there is Deserts Thal, Cholistan and Thar.
Q: 58: Do you think that the policy measures adopted by Ayub Khan became the reasons of his downfall?
Indo-Pakistan war started and at the end of war Tashkand Pact was signed with India. People
we’re not satisfied with this pact. They also resented the election results of 1965.
Fruits of
economic development were not distributed at masses level. Wealth of nation was concentrated
in a few hands. This brought people to agitation and public demand resulted in resignation of the
president.
Q: 59: Tell very shortly about the Modern Technology Education
Modern Technology and Education:
Technology education means education of IT, Computers- software and hardware. IT and regular
education, Access to knowledge and technical education.
Q: 60: What was the issue of Separate or Joint Electorate in the begining years of
Pakistan?
Separate or Joint Electorate
Separate electorate was adopted on the demand of Muslims in 1909 by the British Government.
But the minorities did not favour this after independence. Religious elements supported this as a
part of heritage.
East: decided for Joint Electorate.
1957: Joint Electorate was adopted for all Pakistan by the National Assembly.
Q: 61: Who was Khawaja Nazimuddine?
He was the governal general of Pakistan during Sept. 1948-Oct 1951 He was also the prime minister of Pakistan durig oct1951-apri1953
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Q: 62: Highlight the Shahabuddine Commission set up by Ayub Khan in 1960?
A Constitutional Commission was established in February 1960 under the chairmanship of
Justice Shahabuddin, former Chief Justice. The tasks assigned to the Commission were:
To examine the causes of failure of Parliamentary system.
Recommend a new system keeping in view the
genius of people
standard of education
internal conditions of the country
need of development
Q: 63: Define Constitution?
Constitution is the system for government often codified a written document that
establishes the rules and principles of autonoumus.
Q: 64: Very shortly tell about the Fisheries Sector in Pakistan
It offers direct employmentto our one million peoples most of which work as fisherme
Q: 65: Write not on the National Language Issue under the Constitution of 1973?
1) The National language of Pakistan is Urdu, and arrangements shall be made for its being used for official and other purposes within fifteen years from the commencing day.
2) Subject to clause (1), the English language may be used for official purposes until arrangements are made for its replacement by Urdu.
3) Without prejudice to the status of the National Language, a Provincial Assembly may by law prescribe measure for the teaching, promotion and use of a provincial language in addition to the national language.
Q: 66: Briefly tell about the Relations between Pakistan and Egypt?
Egypt under Nasser had some reservation due to Pakistan ties with
west. Pakistan support Egypt when it was attacked by Israel in 1956,1967, 1973.The relations began to improve since 1967 and especially after the death of Nasser in 1970.
Q: 67: Briefly tell about the issue of Islamic or Secular status of Pakistan as a State?
For the v.begining of Pakistan movement there was an agreement that the state will have close relationship with islam . muslims defined their national identity with reference to islam and its hertage .some oppositions came 4rmthe congress members of the constituent assembly and few secularists. There was a board agreement that the state will identify itself with islam. The constituent assembly took time to define the precise relationship between the state and islam.
Q: 68: Write a note on the Geographical location of Pakistan.
Pakistan was comprised of 2 wings when it came into existence on aug14,1947 .East Pakistan separated in 1971.Post or present day Pakistan located in the northwestern part of south asian sub-continent.
Q: 69: Write a brief note on the process of Industrialization during Bhutto regime.
The policy of the governments in 1990 changed . since 1990 all the governments including that of ppp followed the policy of denationalization and privatizations .they are promoting free economy, forEIgn direct investments FDI and investment 4rm pakistanis settled outside the country.
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Q: 70: What do you know about the River/Cannal System in Pakistan?
The Pakistan river system of Pakistan is consisted of Indus and other associated rivers. We have a well-defined canal system .The most important one is the Indus basin project. what we require is the proper management of water, its conservations, effective use, storage ,dams and floods control. Water is dangersous if it is too much like these days in Pakistan ,it become problem if it is too little .it is used for agriculture where it is the backbone of agro-economy. It is also a cheapest source of hydroelectric power generation.
Q: 71: Outline the criticism raised against the First Report of Basic Principle Committee.
This report was severely criticized throughout the country. It could not satisfy both the wings east and west The religious group objected that the report contained nothing about islamisation. On the question of representation, east Pakistan protested that their majority had been denied by the report. They remarked that they were thrown into a permanent minority .the population of east Pakistan was slightly larger than thast of the wast Pakistan but it was treated as the small province bcoz both the houses were give equal powers .so domaination of west Pakistan was intolerable for the east pakistan and another issue was language.
Q: 72: What is democracy?
Democracy is the most powerful form of government and it is the fundamental and distinctive character of modern age. It has also been regarded as the most favorable and decisive form of government which requires active participation of the people in the decision making process, because without public collaboration, democracy could not flourish properly. According to Abraham Lincoln, “Democracy is a form of government for the people, by the people and through the people”. Democracy has three basic senses in
contemporary usage: (1) a form of government in which the right to make political decisions is exercised directly by the whole body of citizens, acting under procedures of majority rule, usually known as direct democracy; (2) a form of government in which the citizens exercise the same right not in person but through representatives chosen by and responsible to them, known as representative democracy; and (3) a form of government, usually a representative democracy, in which the powers of the majority are exercised within a frame work of constitutional restraints designed to guarantee all citizens the enjoyment of certain individual or collective rights, such as freedom of speech and religion, known as liberal, or constitutional, democracy."
Q: 73: What is the difference between Martial Law and Military Rule?
Martial law can be defined as the imposition of military power in the country for temporary bases.
Martial law is imposed when the civilian government or civilian authorities fail to function properly, when there are extensive riots and protests, or when the disobedience of the law becomes widespread. Typically, the imposition of martial law accompanies curfews, the suspension of civil law, civil rights, habeas corpus, and the application or extension of military law or military justice to civilians. Civilians defying martial law may be subjected to military tribunals because courts become dysfunctional during martial law. Constitution is suspended and fundamental rights are usurped during martial law and the law enforcing agencies report to the military officers during martial law. Whereas Military rule is the one where a country’s administration and the implementation of its law and order are under the control of the military. Military rule takes the form of military dictatorship, a junta or a military structure. Most of the military governments end up being oppressive regimes. Military regime lead by General Pervez Musharraf has been described as the military rule because the civil laws and fundamental right were not usurped by the state under Musharraf and the civil courts and constitution were also functional. He being the head of the military overlooked and supervised the state affairs. He after some time established a puppet democratic set up in the country but the ultimate power was in the hands of military.
Q: 74: What do you know about the Government of India Act, 1935?
The deliberations of the round table conference resulted in the Government of India Act 1935. The main features of the Act were: 1. A Federation of India was promised for, comprising both provinces and states. The provisions of the Act establishing the federal central government were not to go into operation until a specified number of rulers of states had signed Instruments of Accession. Since, this did not happen, the central government continued to function in accordance with the 1919 Act and only the part of the 1935 Act dealing with the provincial governments went into operation. 2. The provinces were given autonomy with respect to subjects delegated to them. 3. Dyarchy came to an end, and the provincial governments now had full responsibility. 4. Sind was made a separate province. 5. Separate electorates were continued. 6. One third Muslim representation in the Central Legislature was guaranteed. 7. Autonomous provincial governments in eleven provinces under ministries responsible to legislatures would be setup. The Act came into force on April 1, 1937.
Q: 75: What was the Nationalization of 1970, s?
In the early 1970s nationalization was a very popular theme in the developing countries. In the name of social justice, socialism and for the promotion of equality not only in Pakistan but in most of the developing countries nationalization was adopted as a political and economic strategy. In Pakistan a number of steps were taken by the Z. A. Bhutto government to pursue the nationalization policy. Several key industries which were owned by private groups were taken over by the state of Pakistan under a martial law order on January 2, 1972. These industries included iron and steel, basic metals, heavy engineering, heavy electrical, motor vehicle and tractor production, heavy basic chemicals, petro chemicals, cement, gas and oil refinery. Emerald mines in Swat, life insurance, schools, colleges and banks were also nationalized in 1974. All these steps were taken under the rubric of nationalization. These industries were the core of the economy at that time and were taken over by the state from the private groups. Nationalization policy was designed by Bhutto to enhance national income and to extend more rights to the labour class which was suppressed through the privatization in the country during Ayub’s era. Some economic concessions and other facilities were also extended to the labour and working class under the new labour policy.
Q: 76: What is Two Nation Theory?
Two Nation Theory means that there were two major nations in the British India. Both the nations were different and distinct from each other with regard to their culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportions, legal laws and moral codes, customs and calendars, history and tradition, in short they had their own distinct outlook on life and of life, so they would have their separate homelands.
Q: 77: What is foreign policy?
Foreign policy usually refers to as the general principles by which a state governs its reaction to the international environment and its interaction with other states.
Q: 78: What was the Khilafat Movement/Tehrik-i-Khilafat?
The Khilafat movement was a religio-political movement launched by the Muslims of British India for the retention of the Ottoman Caliphate and for not handing over the control of Muslims' holy places to non- Muslims.
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Q: 79: RCD and ECO?
RCD and ECO Pakistan, Iran and Turkey signed Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) in July 1964. It worked for economic development till 1985. As it fell short of expectations and could not meet the goals set forth before it, so it was renamed as Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO). Later on, Afghanistan and five Central Asian Republics, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan joined it. Now ECO is working for more cooperation among its members to enhance development level of its members.
Hope it will prove its worth and achieve the goal of development for its members.
Q: 80: Islam believes in one nation (Ummah) then why Two Nation theory was propounded for the Muslims of the subcontinent?
Islam creates one Ummah (Nation). In no way it means that all the Muslims of the world should come together and form one country. Islam believes in justice, peace, security and welfare of humanity. It exhorts its followers to struggle for the cause of Justice, peace, security and welfare of humanity. No matter where they are, they should follow its commands and injunctions. Boundries do not matter in Islam, what matters complete submission to Allah, following in the footsteps of the Holy Prophet and continuous struggle for justice and welfare of humanity. Pakistan was created on the basis of Two Nation theory because the causes for which Islam has stood since its inception was under threat in the subcontinent. It was not possible for the Muslims of the subcontinent to struggle freely for Islamic causes. It was in the fitness of things to propound Two Nation theory to create a separate state for the Muslims where they can prosper without the fear of unsympathetic majority.
Q: 81: What was the purpose of the Two Nation Theory of Sir syed Ahmad khan?
The purpose of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was to create awareness among the Muslims about their separate identity, to warn them of the Hindu designs and plots hatched to subjugate the Muslims, and to make the British accept and treat the Muslims as a separate nation. As he was a great well-wisher of the Muslims, so he thought the Two Nation Theory as a way to protect the Muslims' interests in the subcontinent. Given the conflicting interests, if Hindus and Muslims had been together after 1857, there would have been civil war in the subcontinent and the resultant destruction and dejection. Giving them their separate status and separate domain to work for their prosperity was the only solution to the complicated situation of the subcontinent. This was the real idea behind the Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's struggle.
Q: 82: What was Swaraj (self-rule)?
Swaraj was meant that India should be ruled by Indians not by the Britains. It was an objective to get the Britain leave the Indian subcontinent and establish a government led by the Indians. In other words it was meant independence for India.
Q: 83: What kind of disagreement had Jinnah with Gandhi on the issue of Swaraj (self-rule)?
Gandhi wanted the type of Swaraj that was awarded by the British to its other colonies in which there were democratic governments (government by the majority). Quaid-e-Azam was opposed to the kind of setup. He wanted self-rule suitable to India and with due safeguards for the minorities. As the government by the majority was meant Hindu Raj in the subcontinent. Quaid-e-Azam was against the Hindu-Raj.
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Q: 84: What was 'Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam'?
Some leading and sincere Muslim leaders picked up the incentive in order to lesson the influence of the Hindu and Christian missionaries and decided to set up Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam on September 24, 1884 in a mosque known as Masjid Bakan Khan inside Mochi Gate, Lahore, where nearly 250 Muslims decided to set up the Anjuman for the educational guidance of the Muslims of the Punjab.
Q: 85: What was Moplah Revolt?
Moplahs were the descendents of the Arab Muslims settled in the Sub-Continent even before the arrival of Muhammad Bin Qasim. In August 1921, at Malabar Coast, near Kalicut, they revolted against Hindu landlords. Hindus feudal lords of that area with the collusion of the British managed to transfer large tracts of agricultural land to their name and this act antagonized the local Muslims who were poor peasants. These suffering poor peasant Muslims started an armed revolt against the local landlords and the government. The government resorted to repressive measures which resulted into deaths of thousands of Moplahs. It is called Moplah Revolt.
Q: 86: Who was Dr. Annie Besant?
Dr. Annie Besant is one of those foreigners who inspired the love of the country among Indians. She declared in 1918 in her paper ‘New India’, "I love the Indian people as I love none other, and... My heart and my mind... have long been laid on the altar of the Motherland". Annie Besant, born of Irish parents in London on October 1, 1847, made India her home from November 1893. Dr. Besant started the Home Rule League in India for obtaining the freedom of the country and reviving the country's glorious cultural heritage. She started a paper called "New India”. She attended the 1914 session of the Indian National Congress and presided over it in 1917. Dr. Besant died in 1933.
Q: 87: What was 'Indian Home Rule League'?
On April 23, 1916 Bal Gangadhar Tilak formed The Home Rule League in Bombay. Joseph Baptista became President and N.C. Kelkar Secretary of Tilak’s Home Rule League which forestalled that of Mrs. Besant.
Six months later Mrs. Annie Besant founded the league in Madras. "Dr. Besant started the Home Rule League in India for obtaining the freedom of the country and reviving the country's glorious cultural heritage. The
objective of both Home Rule League was to attain ‘self-government within the British Empire by all
constitutional means’, and to educate public opinion for the same. They were Moderates and against the Liberal Party.
Q: 88: Who was Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi?
Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi (Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani) was a great saint and mystic of the Naqishbandi order. He challenged the might of Akbar, the great Mughal emperor, to re-establish the glory of Islam which had been greatly threatened by the anti-Islamic trends of Akbar.
Q: 89: What were some "weak aspects" of the western culture which Dr. Allama Iqbal knew at that time?
There are a number of weak aspects of the western culture that were observed by Allama Iqbal i.e. separation of state and religion, territorial nationalism, deteriorating moral standards etc.
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Q: 90: Why were the minorities of Pakistan not interested in separate electorate?
In Pakistan the minorities were in a scattered position and it was too much difficult for their representative to go to them, listen to their problems and finally solve their problems. They were only 3 percent of the total population. Moreover, there was no bias against them in the Muslim society. They had complete independence with regard to every sphere of life. The experience of separate electorate was not good for them. That was why they wanted to be the part of the big majority.
Q: 91: What was the 2nd constituent Assembly?
Governor General Ghulam Muhammad called a Convention on May 10, 1955 for the purpose of electing a constituent assembly. All its members were to be elected indirectly (by the provincial assemblies). In this way, the Second Constituent Assembly came into existence. The Second Constituent Assembly convened in 1955. It differed in composition from the First Constituent Assembly because of the notable reduction of Muslim League members and the presence of a United Front coalition from East Bengal. In 1956 the Constituent Assembly adopted a constitution that proclaimed Pakistan as a Islamic republic and contained directives for the establishment of an Islamic state. It also renamed the Constituent Assembly the Legislative Assembly.
Q: 92: How did ALIGARH MOVMENT play a SCIENTIFIC ROLE?
Aligarh Movement played important role in scientific field by establishing different institutions which worked for the spread of scientific knowledge among the Indians. Prominent among those institutions was Scientific Society. The purpose of this society was to create a scientific temperament among the Indians in general and the Muslims in particular and to make the Western knowledge available to Indians in their native languages. The society performed its job efficiently. Under this society the books of science, history and literature were translated into native languages.
Q: 93: What was SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan?
Scientific Society was an organization that was established by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in Ghazi Pur. The purpose of this society was to create a scientific temperament among the Indians in general and the Muslims in particular and to make the Western knowledge available to Indians in their native languages. The society performed its job efficiently. Under this society the books of science, history and literature were translated into native languages because, according the concept of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, it was impossible to spread the scientific knowledge amongst the Indians in general and the Muslims in particular till the scientific knowledge which was available in English would be made available to the Indians in their native languages.
Q: 94: Did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan have any enmity with ULEMA?
Sir Syed had no ill will or feelings against any Ulema rather he wanted the Ulemas not to reject modern knowledge which was available in English because of their hatred against the British. He wanted them to work for the uplift of the Muslims by acquiring modern knowledge and also urged the Muslims to seek modern knowledge.
Q: 95: What is the difference between Aligrah Movement and Khilafat Movement?
Aligarh Movement and Khilafat Movement were different movements. Aligarh Movement was launched for the educational, political, social and religious uplift of the Muslims while Khilafat Movement was launched to protect the Ottoman Empire, Institution of Khilafat and the Muslim holy places.
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Q: 96: what was main cause of clash between Jinnah and Nehru on which Jinnah left the Congress?
The Congress had become explicitly a Hindu organization and had started working openly for the interests of the Hindus. This was the major reason that had convinced Mr. Jinnah to leave the Congress.
Q: 97: If British Government was in favour of Indian Muslims’ modernization then how Hindu community came closer to the British Government rather than Muslims?
After the War of Independence of 1857, the Hindus immediately adapted themselves to the changed rulers and environment. They started learning English and modern knowledge. On the other the Muslims refused to learn English and modern knowledge which was available in English. The blame of the War of Independence of 1857 fell on the Muslims. So it was natural for the British to co-opt the Hindus. The British thought that as the Muslims had been the rulers of the subcontinent prior to the British and they (Muslims) wanted to regain the control of the subcontinent and the War of Independence of 1857 was started by the Muslims to achieve that object. These were the reason which resulted into British-Hindu collusion. The British were of the opinion that the narrow-mindedness of the Muslims was the real cause of the problem so they if not supported but countenanced the Muslims thrust towards modernization.
Q: 98: What is agitational politics and prejudice?
Agitational politics is a type of politics in which more and more protests and demonstrations are used to achieve political objectives. Prejudice means: 1: An adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without knowledge or examination of the facts. 2: The act or state of holding unreasonable preconceived judgments or convictions. 3: Irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, or religion. 4: Detriment or injury caused to a person by the preconceived, unfavorable conviction of another or others.
Q: 99: What are extra-constitutional means?
Extra-constitutional means are those means which can not be justified under the prevalent constitution and are in violation of constitution.
Q: 100: What is Charismatic Leadership?
Charisma is a rare personal quality attributed to leaders who arouse fervent popular devotion and enthusiasm or personal magnetism or charm. Charismatic leader is a leader who possesses these traits and with the help of these qualities he inspires the masses to follow him and his program. This kind of leadership can bring revolutionary changes.
Q: 101: As British were against the Muslim so did they try to create any obstacle in the way of Aligarh Movement?
The British Government was in favor of modernization amongst the Muslims and Aligarh Movement was striving to spread modern knowledge amongst the Muslims. The British did not create any obstacle in the way of Aligarh Movement which was working for educational and political development of the Muslims.
Q: 102: What is the difference between Supreme Court & High Court in terms of their powers?
Supreme Court is the highest court which accepts the appeals against the cases decided by the High Courts. The High Courts are at provincial level while the Supreme Court functions at the federal level.
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Q: 103: What is the difference between Parliamentary and Presidential system?
In Presidential system the center of political power is the President but in the parliamentary system power rotates around the prime minister who is head of the government. In the parliamentary system President is only the ceremonial head of the state.
Q: 104: What was the 'Day of Deliverance'?
In protest against the policy of the British government over India regarding World War II, all the Congress Ministries resigned till October 22, 1939 and All India Muslim League decided to celebrate this development. So it was decided to celebrate December 22, 1939 as 'Day of Deliverance'. Deliverance was meant to be deliverance from the oppressive policies of the Congress Ministries.
Q: 105: What was Jallianwala Bagh incident of 1919?
In April 1919, a number of Indians gathered in Jallianwala Bagh to protest against the brutal policies of the British government. General Duiyer ordered the troops, who were deployed there to suppress any protest, to open fire on the protesting Indians. As a result 379 people died and thousands injured. It was the most tragic incident in the history of the subcontinent. This incident is also evident to fact that the British treated the Indians brutally and ruthlessly.
Q: 106: In which book did Sir Syed point out the similarities between Islam and Christianity?
In 'Tabyin-ul-Kalam' Sir Syed pointed out the similarities between Islam and Christianity. Due to lack of resources the work was not finished, but it showed Sir Syed's commitment to improve relations of British and Muslims.
Q: 107: Who was the founder of the 'Indian National Congress'and who was the Indian Viceroy at that time?
A former member of the Indian Civil Service, Allan Octavian Hume (commonly known as A. O. Hume), was founder of Congress. He formed Congress in 1885 and Lord Dufferin, was Viceroy of India at that time, fully supported him in his efforts.
Q: 108: What is the meaning of 'Dar-ul-Harb'?
This is meant an area where non-Muslims ruled.
Q: 109: What was difference between Viceroy and Sectary of State in British India?
Viceroy was head of Indian affairs with in India apointed by British government and Sectary of State was incharge of Indian affairs in London.
Q: 110: What was 'The Loyal Muhammadans of India'?
Answer: In 1860 Sir Syed wrote 'The Loyal Mohammedans of India'. In this work he defended the Muslims from the British accusation that they were disloyal. He gave a detailed account of the loyal services rendered by the then Muslims and named various Muslims who had shown particular loyalty to the British. At the same time he called on the British to end their hostility towards the Muslim community.
Q: 111: What was 'Doctrine of Lapse'?
In 1848 Governor Dalhousie extended British control even further by applying the Doctrine of Lapse. According to this doctrine when a ruler dies without a natural heir the British would annex his land. This doctrine also stipulates that when a person dies without a natural heir his property would be acquired by the British Government.
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Q: 112: What was 'Tahdhib-ul-Aklaq'?
Sir Syed did not like conservative attitude of Muslims. He was worried about the social condition of Muslim and wanted the revival of their social life. He took many steps for betterment of the Muslims. For this purpose he published the magazine “Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq” This magzine outlined the ethical aspect of the Muslims life. Sir Syed criticized the conservative way of life of Muslims and advised them to adopt new trends in life. This magazine was written to teach the Muslims to adopt the true teaching of Islam and do not follow the social custom. For this purpose he opened a number of orphanage houses for Muslims children to save them from the influence of Christian missionaries.
Q: 113: What was 'Tabyin-ul-Kalam'?
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wrote ‘Tabyin-ul-Kalam’, in which he pointed out the similarities between Islam and Christianity. Due to lack of resources the work could not be completed, but it showed Sir Syed's commitment to improving relations between Islam and Christianity. This book was another effort on the part of Sir Syed, in the academic field, to create an atmosphere of good will between the British (who were Christian) and Indian Muslims.
Q: 114: When the British government created the North West Frontier Province?
In 1900, Lord Curzon created the North West Frontier Province in order to settle the constant battles that were going on there amongst the tough independent tribesmen. Before this NWFP was part of the Punjab Province. In 1900 it got the status of individual province in the British India.
Q: 115: What was 'Khutbat-i-Ahmadiya'?
Sir William Muir, a Christian writer, wrote a book with the title 'Life of Muhammad' in which he had made highly objectionable remarks about the Holy Prophet (PBUH). In return, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wrote 'Essays on the Life of Muhammad (Khutbat-i-Ahmadiya)' in which he gave proper answers to William Muir’s remarks in his book.
Q: 116: What was Muhammadan Educational Conference?
Muhammadan Educational Conference was set up by Sir Ahmad Khan in 1866.Muhammadan Educational Conference held public meetings in various parts of the country. It established its sub-committees in all parts of the country. This Conference rendered valuable services in cultivating spirit of action and self-help among the Muslims. The meetings of this Conference discussed modern techniques for the development in the field of education and suggested ways and means for the adoption of modern techniques for the improvement of the educational standard. Some very eminent scholars and leaders were included in this conference who with their dedicated approach aroused hope, spirit and enthusiasm among their brethren. They were Nawab Muhsin- ul-Mulk, Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk, Maulana Shibli and Maulana Hali who inspired the people with their spiritual, academic and political acumen and insight.
Q: 117: What is the difference between Presidential system of government and Parliamentary system of government?
In Presidential system the center of political power is the President but in the parliamentary system power rotates around the prime minister who is head of the government. In the parliamentary system President is only the ceremonial head of the state.
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Q: 118: What was August Offer (1940)?
In the start of Second World War Germany pushed the British troops out of the European mainland. At this critical juncture Great Britain needed the assistance of Indians to boost its War efforts. As a result the Viceroy of India Lord Linlithgow in August 1940 made a constitutional offer to the Indians in which he promised to expand the Executive Council of the Governor-General, to establish a War Advisory Council, to give constitutional safeguards to the minorities and to set up a constitution making body after the War. The Muslim League welcomed the offer but the Congress rejected it terming it insufficient and unsatisfactory.
Q: 119: What was Quit India Movement (1942)?
After the failure of the Cripps Mission, India National Congress started ‘Quit India Movement’. In this Movement Congress was demanding that British should Quit India immediately and hand over powers to Indians. The British Government dealt with this Movement with iron hands. Thousands of Congress workers were killed arrested or detained. Muslim League remained aloof from this Movement.
Q: 120: What was the outcome of Gandhi-Jinnah Talks (1944)?
In September 1944, Gandhi Jinnah talks were held at Jinnah’s residence at Bombay. Rajgopalacharia’s formula and the Lahore Resolution formed the basis of these talks. In these parleys Jinnah stressed on his famous Two-Nation Theory but Gandhi refused to accept Muslims as separate nation. Thus these talks remained fruitless.
Q: 121: What is difference between Prime Minister and Chief Minister?
Prime Minister is head of the federal government and Chief Minister is head of the provincial government.
Q: 122: What was Achhut Community?
Achhut Community is a term which refers to all the untouchables, lower class communities and Pariahs. They were highly suppressed and deprived peoples of the subcontinent. Brahmans and peoples of higher class had been exploiting them since long. It was generally perceived that they have lot of duties but no rights.
Q: 123: What is the role of leaders in the life of a nation?
Leaders have a decisive role in the life of a nation. Leaders are the drivers of a nation. If they drive a nation in a right direction then the nation will make progress and achieve prosperity but if leaders drive a nation in a wrong direction in order to satisfy their vested interests then the nation will be ruined.
Q: 124: What is a difference between a nation and a community?
Nation is a group of people who share common customs, origins, history, and language and are organized under a single usually independent government. Community is a group of people living in the same locality and has common interests. Sense of nationalism is a prerequisite of a nation but this condition does not require for a community. The loyalty of a member of a community changes with the change of dwelling or area but the loyalty of member of nation does not changes. Wherever he is he will be ready to dedicate his efforts for his nation.
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Q: 125: What are the bases of a modern Islamic state?
A modern Islamic state should be based on pluralism and respect of diversity. The idea of the modern Islamic state is founded on principles that have been adopted by the contemporary Muslim as the foundations and the structure of his belief in a modern world. In a modern Islamic state a Muslim has endeavored to secure his pure Islamic identity while respecting the rights of minorities, seeking to espouse the culture of tolerance toward other cultures, respecting the supremacy of law, supporting cultural diversity, and applying equality and justice in all endeavors.
Q: 126: What were the wrongs with the policies of the Mughals?
First and important fault with the Mughals was that they could not institutionalize whatever good they did. Mughals had introduced a number of good policies but everything was dependent on one person. Policies used to be changed with the change of horse-man in the Mughal era. They could not introduce modern knowledge in the subcontinent and the people of the subcontinent lagged far behind in the field of technology and modern knowledge. Their focus in most of the cases was only on religious education. They did not make any effort to change the traditional economy totally dependent on agriculture to industrial economy. That was why European countries surpassed them in the field of technology and conquered the whole subcontinent. They were weak in diplomatic field as they kept on fighting wars even with the smaller states which were the part of their kingdom to suppress rebellion. They should have solved these problems diplomatically and politically and had saved considerable resources which they wasted on financing the wars.
Q: 127: What is an agro-based industry?
Agro-based industries are those industries which are run by the raw material produced from the agricultural sector. There are many examples of agro based industries like textile industry which is run by the cotton produced from the agriculture sector, floor mills are run by the wheat produced by the agricultural sector. Similarly rice husking mills and sugar mills are also run by the products produced from the agricultural sector.
Q: 128: What is animal husbandry?
The scientific branch of agriculture concerned with the care and breeding of domestic animals and cattle such as sheep, goat, buffaloes and horses is called as animal husbandry. The proper breeding of the animals requires planning and care, and a lot of human effort. The government is running a lot of projects for encouraging animal’s growth. Animal husbandry and colleges of research are established to breed and cure useful classes of animals. Department of livestock also provides support system for raising animals production both in government and private sector. In addition, military farms are also contributing a lot for the production and breeding of these animals. Animals are very important source of production of food items and they need a lot of care.
Q: 129: What is the definition of a Muslim in the constitution of Pakistan?
Through an amendment in 1974 the definition of a Muslim was inserted in the Constitution of 1973, which defines a person as a Muslim who believes in Tauheed or Oneness of Allah, and in the prophet hood of Hazrat Mohammad (P.B.U.H) as the last prophet of Allah. Before this no such provision existed in the 1956 and 1962 Constitutions.
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Q: 130: Why did a number of Muslim keep them away from the Aligarh Movement?
There are a number of Muslims who were reluctant to follow the ideals of the Aligarh Movement. The underlying reason was the hatred against the British. This hatred did not allow them to learn English which was the language of the British who usurped power from the Muslims. Aligarh Movement advised the Muslim to learn English as with out learning English it was not possible to gain modern knowledge which was available in English. It was also not possible to communicate with the British with out learning English. The underlying purpose was to decrease the increasing distance between the rulers and the Muslims. On the other all the diehard Muslims were in favor of waging holy war (Jihad) against the British and then snatching back the reign of the subcontinent from them. Aligarh Movement was not in favor of waging war against the British but they wanted a peaceful solution of the problems of the subcontinent. Due to this difference of opinion a number of Muslims kept themselves away from Aligarh Movement.
Q: 131: What were the ideas of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan about religion?
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan stood for a rational approach towards religion. He was not in the favour of blindly following the religious injunctions. He wanted the Muslims to develop thorough understanding of the religious injunctions and then follow these injunctions. He was of the view that man was not created for religion but religion was created for man. He argued that revealed truth could best be understood through reasons. The revelation of physical sciences could not be ignored in the understanding of religion. He was of the view that there could be no contradiction between the word of God (revealed truth) and work of God (the laws of physical science and phenomenon of nature). Same rational approach he used in explaining the creation of Angels (Malaika). He had considerable knowledge of the religion. Had he not been well-versed with knowledge of the religion he would not have been able to write a book on the life of the Last Prophet of God.
Q: 132: Why did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan started Aligarh Movement?
The purpose of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s Aligarh Movement was to create awareness among the Muslims about their separate identity, to warn them of the Hindu designs and plots hatched to subjugate the Muslims, and to make the British accept and treat the Muslims as a separate nation. As he was a great well-wisher of the Muslims, so he thought Aligarh Movement a practical way to protect the Muslims' interests in the subcontinent. Given the conflicting interests, if Hindus and Muslims had been together after 1857, there would have been civil war in the subcontinent and the resultant destruction and dejection. Giving them their separate status and separate domain to work for their prosperity was the only solution to the complicated situation of the subcontinent. This was the real purpose of the Aligarh Movement and Sir Syed Ahmad Khan effectively drove the Movement towards success.
Q: 133: Why did the blame of the War of Independence of 1857 fall on the Muslims? Or why did the British turn only against the Muslims after the War of Independence of 1857?
As the Muslims were the rulers of the subcontinent so it was natural for the British to think that the Muslim would one day try to get back the reins of the rule of the subcontinent from the British. The role of the Muslim in the War of Independence of 1857 and the Hindus’ betrayal reinforced the above mention perception of the British. In the wake of the War the British in collusion with the Hindus started to persecute the Muslims. As the Hindus changed loyalties during the course of the War so this fact earned a good place for them in the eyes of the British. That was why the British heaped favours upon the Hindus and turned against the Muslims.
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Q: 134: What is Martial Law?
Martial law can be described as the military intervention in the democratic process by hook or crook. Most of the developing countries have been experiencing military rule in the national politics and the decision making process. Owing to several reasons, these developing countries could not evade military intervention in the political affairs. This practice resulted, perpetually into the apprehensions of total power. The reason behind this is the dearth of proper institutionalization. The trend of military involvement in the politics throughout the developing countries is recurrent, pervasive and rampant in nature. In the developing countries, main civilian institutions are very few and weak in nature, in addition some countries even lack civilian institutionalization.
Therefore, in these countries, civilian control is loose and paves a way for the military intervention, and are referred as the “Praetorian States” Since the emergence of the state, military bureaucracy occupied a dominant place in Pakistan. This oligarchy has even been in the effective control of power politics. There are four levels of military intervention in politics, influence, blackmail, displacement and supplement. These levels of intervention are attained by various methods alone or in conjunction with one another. The supplement of civil government can also take place through military take over with or without violence, commonly known as coup. The state of Pakistan has experienced four martial laws since its creation. Military in Pakistan has always played a pivotal role and has remained the ultimate arbitrator in state affairs. It had remained the focus of the central power. It is obvious from the fact that more than half of the period since its birth, Pakistan had remained under the direct military control. Along with the direct control, military do have a significant part to play in the politics of the country even when it was out of the power. It is also said that Pak-India defense potential has made army in a commanding position over the civilian institutions and this phenomenon is known as “India Syndrome”.
Parliamentary democracy and democratic institutions could not flourish in Pakistan due to the military interventions time and again.
Q: 135: What are the Powers of the president?
Powers of the president are the powers that have been granted to the president under the constitution. In all the constitutions of Pakistan various presidential powers have been defined for the president. The 1962 Constitution was a presidential constitution where President was the focal point of political system having all the political legislative, executive and judicial powers and authorities. He had executive and legislative powers because he was the part of the legislative process. Moreover, the cabinet was appointed by the president and was answerable to the president. He had the authority to remove a cabinet member anytime and other key appointments in the state were also made by the president. For example the appointment of Chief Justice and judges of the Supreme Court, services chief, chairman and the members of the Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC) and some other appointments were also made by the president through a proper procedure. President also had the powers to issue ordinances when the National Assembly was not in session. President also had emergency powers to declare state of emergency in case of unavoidable circumstance in the country.
Q: 136: What are causes of failure of Khilafat Movement?
Following are the causes of failure of Khilafat Movement: 1:- All the Khilafat leaders were arrested and put into jails. 2:- Gandhi called off his non-cooperation movement because of violent incident of Chora Chauri. 3:- Grand National Assembly of Turkey under the leadership of Kamal Ataturk disbanded Khilafat. 4:- Highly oppressive policies and treatment meted out to the Khilafat workers by the British Government Movement was rather an emotional movement than that of a rational movement. That was why it could not achieve its objectives and ended in a smoke.
Q: 137: What is a federal system?
Federal System is a form of political system in which there is division of power between the centre and the provinces, a written constitution, supremacy of the judiciary and enough provincial autonomy is guaranteed to the constituting units of a federation. Division of powers between the centre and the provinces is an important characteristic of federal system. The Constitution of 1973 provided a federal system where federation of Pakistan has four provinces and federally administered areas. For division of powers between the centre and the provinces two lists of subjects are given: Federal list and Concurrent list. Federal list provides powers reserved for the federal government under which the federal government can legislate and make laws. The second is the concurrent list which is available to the federal government and the provinces as well. Under the concurrent list both parliament and the provincial assemblies can legislate but the federal laws have precedence over provincial laws. Enough provincial autonomy is guaranteed in the 1973 Constitution but the centre has some emergency and overriding powers over the provinces. The residuary powers were vested with the provinces and all the provinces are dependent on the centre for finances. In case of any dispute related to any subject between the centre and the provinces the decision of the federal government prevails. Provincial governors are appointed by the president on the advice of the Prime Minister who can impose governor rule if the provincial government cannot function properly in the province. The Constitution also provided an independent judiciary which plays an important role so far as the interpretation of the constitution is concerned.
Q: 138: Was it a failure of democracy that led to imposition of Martial Law in 1958?
It was not failure of democracy that led to imposition of Martial Law in Pakistan in 1958; it was basically failure of the leadership which resulted in the imposition of Martial Law. Inefficiency, corruption, intriguing of the politicians and some vested interests caused the democracy to fail in Pakistan. Systems never fail.
Metaphorically speaking a good system is like a good car. Now car is good what is needed is good driver. Let’s suppose if the driver is not good and his intentions are out of the way then he will start driving the car in a wrong direction. It may cause accident and the car will not be able to approach its destination as it is driven in a wrong direction. If the driver drives the car in a right direction and with proper care and follows all the traffic rules the car will approach its destination easily and smoothly. Our leaders are the drivers of the system. If they are honest and they strive to take the system towards success then we can easily achieve success. If these leaders are corrupt and inefficient then we can never prosper and every system that will be introduced will meet the same ill fate as democracy has met in our country.
Q: 139: What are causes of failure of Khilafat Movement?
Following are the causes of failure of Khilafat Movement: 1:- All the Khilafat leaders were arrested and put into jails. 2:- Gandhi called off his non-cooperation movement because of violent incident of Chora Chauri. 3:- Grand National Assembly of Turkey under the leadership of Kamal Ataturk disbanded Khilafat. 4:- Highly oppressive policies and treatment meted out to the Khilafat workers by the British Government 5:- Khilafat Movement was rather an emotional movement than that of a rational movement. That was why it could not achieve its objectives and ended in a smoke.
Q: 140: How did Allama Iqbal change from Indian nationalist to Muslim nationalist?
At initial stage Dr Allama Iqbal was a nationalist by ideas and his poetry contained verses like Tarana-i- Hind. With the passage of time his thoughts voyaged from Indian nationalist to pan-Islamist and finally Muslim nationalist. He then started demanding separate state for the Muslims of the subcontinent on the premise that the Muslims of the subcontinent were a nation. His thoughts finally materialized in his Allahabad address where he said: “I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Balochistan amalgamated into a single state as a self government within the British Empire or without”. To me this is the final destiny of the Muslims of at least N.W. India.
Q: 141: How did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan manage to fill the gap between the British and the Muslims?
As the Muslims were showing great hatred against the British and English language and learning it so this hatred was creating misunderstanding between the Muslims and British. Due to tireless efforts of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan the Muslims started learning English language and started adopting the British culture and values which created a good image of the Muslims in the eyes of British government and the government, after this, was favorably oriented towards the Muslims. It was due to the efforts of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in the field of education, politics and religion that the gap between the Muslims and the British generally and the British government particularly was shortened and both were able to understand each other. This understanding later resulted into a number of concessions for the Muslims.
Q: 142: Has Khilafat Movement any similarities with the liberation struggle in Kashmir if we analyze it regarding the Hindu attitude?
In some aspects it can be related to the Kashmir struggle. The betrayal is the basic characteristic of the Hindus leadership. They betrayed the cause of the Muslims during the Khilafat Movement and now they are also betraying the cause of the Muslims in Kashmir. They promised to hold plebiscite in Kashmir in order to determine the wishes of the people of Kashmir but they have been reneging on their promises since they had occupied Kashmir by force. The Muslims should learn a lesson from the history and should no more trust the Hindus and their promises.
Q: 143: What is the importance of Khilafat Movement?
Although the Khilafat Movement failed to achieve its declared objectives, it carried political awakening to large masses of Muslims. It was during the Khilafat days that representatives of Indian Muslims came into contact with eminent personages from other Muslims countries to save the semblance of unity in the world of Islam. The Khilafat Movement was an asset for the struggle of Pakistan. It made clear to the Indian Muslims to trust neither the British nor the Hindus, but to look to their own strengths for self-preservation. It was during Khilafat Movement that the seed of new Muslim enthusiasm and leadership was sowed and it gave fruit in 1947 in the form of Pakistan.
Q: 144: What is the importance of Round Table Conferences for the Muslims?
Round Table Conferences have great importance for the Muslims of the subcontinent. During the course of the conferences it became clear to the Muslims that who amongst them could articulate their demands effectively. It was Mr. Jinnah who effectively communicated the appropriate stance regarding the Muslims interests and rights. On the communal issue the Muslims won the sympathies of all the other communities of India against Hindus. The just stances taken on all the issues raised the Muslims’ stature in front of the British that the Muslims were sincere in solving the political and constitutional problem of the British India. As in the absence of Mr. Jinnah the Muslim felt being leaderless so it reinforced the leadership of Mr.
Jinnah and then he was convinced to fill the gap of leadership. Moreover, the Muslims were able to convince the British regarding their interests and rights which later were accepted.
Q: 145: What was the reason of Shimla Deputation?
When Lord Minto was appointed as the Viceroy on India in 1905, new reforms were indicated in which the elected principle would be extended. The anti-partition agitation had convinced the Muslims of the futility of expecting any fair-play from the Hindu majority. Therefore, to safeguard their interests, the Muslim leaders drew up a plan for separate electorates for their community, and presented it to the Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla, on October 1, 1906.
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Q: 146: What is Poona Pact of 1932 and what is its importance?
The Communal Award was not popular with any Indian party. The Hindus refused to accept the awards and decided to launch a campaign against it. For them it was not possible to accept the Untouchables as a minority. They organized the Allahabad Unity Conference in which they demanded for the replacement of separate electorates by joint electorates. Many nationalist Muslims and Sikhs also participated in the conference. The Congress also rejected the Award in Toto. Gandhi protested against the declaration of Untouchables as a minority and undertook a fast unto death. He also held meetings with the Untouchable leadership for the first time and try to convince them that they were very much part of the mainstream Hindu society. He managed to sign the Poona Pact with Dr. B. R. Ambedker, the leader of Untouchables in which the Congress met many of the Untouchables' demands. This Pact unearthed the real Hindu intentions that the Hindus were not ready to share power with even the suppressed classes of the Hindus and they wanted to concentrate power in the hands of highly privileged classes. Gandhi and the Congress were bent upon enhancing their majority in the subcontinent in order to maintain their dominance. These facts helped the other communities of the subcontinent generally and the Muslims specifically to assess and anticipate the political maneuverings of Gandhi and the Congress. After this they were more cautious regarding their dealing with the Hindus.
Q: 147: Who was Justice Amir Ali Syed?
Answer: Syed Ameer Ali traced his lineage through the eighth Imam, Ali Al-Raza, to the Holy Prophet (S. A. W.). One of his forefathers held office under Shah Abbas II of Persia. Another took part in Nadir Shah's invasion of India. After the plunder of Delhi, his forefathers decided to settle in the Sub-continent and started serving Muhammad Shah. Another of his forefathers fought against Marhattas in the third battle of Panipat. After the death of his grandfather, his father Saadat Ali Khan was brought up and educated by his maternal uncle. Saadat Ali Khan had five sons, Syed Ameer Ali being the youngest of them. He was born on April 6, 1849. His father, on the advice of some friendly British officers, made a break with the traditions and gave his sons an English education. Ameer Ali was educated at Hoogly College. He was a precocious child and learnt Arabic, Persian, Arab philosophy and history from his gifted father. He graduated in 1867 and became one of the first Muslim graduates in India. In 1868, he passed his MA in history, and law, and in the same year proceeded to England on a government scholarship to pursue his higher studies. In London, he joined the Temple Inn and made contacts with the elite of the city. He imbibed the influence of contemporary liberalism. He returned to India in 1873 and resumed his legal practice at Calcutta High Court. The following year, he was elected as a Fellow of Calcutta University and was also appointed as a lecturer in Islamic Law at the Presidency College. He was one of the first leaders to clearly visualize that the Muslims should organize themselves politically if they were to have an honored place in Indian public life. With this devotion, he established the Central National Muhammadan Association on April 12 1877. He was associated with it for over 25 years, and worked for the political advancement of the Muslims. In 1878, he was appointed as the member of the Bengal Legislative Council. He revisited England in 1880 for one year. In 1883, he was nominated to the membership of the Governor General Council. He became a professor of law in Calcutta University in 1881. In 1890 he was made a judge in the Calcutta High Court. He retired in 1904 and decided to settle down in England. This was a fateful decision of his career. Though, due to his influence in government circles, he contributed a lot for the Muslim community of India, while sitting in London, he was away from the main current of Muslim political life. Had he lived in India, he could have filled the gap in Muslim leadership created by the death of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. He established the London Muslim League in 1908. This organization was an independent body and not a branch of All India
Muslim League. In 1909, he became the first Indian to sit as a Law Lord of the Privy Council. In 1910, he established the first mosque in London. His field of activities was now broadened and he stood for the Muslim welfare all over the world. He played an important role in securing separate electorates for the Muslims in South Asia and promoting the cause of the Khilafat Movement. He wrote a number of books on Islam and Islamic history. His most notable contributions are "The Spirit of Islam", "A Short History of the Saracens" and "Muhammadan Law". His book "Spirit of Islam", to some scholars, was the greatest single work on the liberal exposition of Islam. He died on August 4, 1928 in Sussex.
Q: 148: Short Questions (Answer should not exceed more than five lines each).
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
The greatest Muslim reformer and statesman of the 19th Century, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was born in Delhi on October 17, 1817.His early life was spent in the atmosphere of the family of a Mughal noble. death of his father in 1838 left the family in difficulties. Thus young Syed was compelled at the early age of 21 to look for a career.His greatest achievement was his Aligarh Movement,. He was mourned by a large number of friends and admirers.
Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar
Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar was born on June 13, 1899 at Peshawar.In College days, he joined Khilafat Movement In 1927. He took an active part in the boycott of Simon Commission. In 1936, he was appointed a Member of the All India Muslim League Council. He was also a gifted poet. He died on February 13, 1958 and was laid to rest in the courtyard of Quaid-e-Azam's mausoleum.
The Fourteen Points of MA Jinnah
Federal system with residuary powers with the provinces
Provincial autonomy.
Separate electorate for Muslims.
Effective representation to minorities in the provinces but the majority should not be reduced to minority
One-third representation of Muslims in Central Legislature.
One third Muslim representation in cabinets.
No changes in the boundaries of the Punjab and Bengal that would adversely affect Muslim majority.
Religious freedom to all.
No law will be passed if three-fourth elected members of a community declare that it is against their interests.
Sind to be made a separate province.
Constitutional Reforms in NWFP and Balochistan.
Muslim representation in govt. jobs.
Constitutional safeguards for Islamic culture and civilization, education, language, personal laws and Muslim institutions. Government should provide financial assistance
No constitutional amendment unless all constituent units of the federation agree
to it.
Sir Sikandar Hayat
Hayat, Sikandar, Sardar Sir (1892-1942) Statesman. A political figure in *British India and a graduate of the Aligarh and London universities, Sir Sikandar was a major land- owner of northern *Punjab. From 1935 to 1936, he served as Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India, and was a member of the Boards of eleven major commercial and industrial companies. Between 1935 and 1942, he served as President of the Punjab National Unionist Party. After signing the Liaquat-Sikandar pact in 1937, under which Muslim members of the Unionist Party could also enjoy membership of the *Muslim League, he was also simultaneously a member of the *All-India Muslim League. From 1937 to 1940, he served as Chief Minister of Punjab. Elevated as Governor Punjab, he died in office in 1942.
Separate Electorates
The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation; Quaid-I Azam translated it into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates. However when they realized that their future in a ‘Democratic India’ dominated by Hindu majority was not safe, they changed their demand to a separate state.
Q: 149: What were the problems faced by the newly state of Pakistan in 1947?
The attainment of independence brought an end to one phase of the struggle and marked the beginning of a new one for setting up and running a viable, stable and prosperous state. Pakistan began its independent life under very difficult and unfavorable circumstances. Pakistan faced serious problems in the initial stages.
New Administration
Division of Assets
Integration of Princely States
Communal Riots and Arrival of Refugees
Canal water and trade issues
1: New Administration
The shortage of trained human power especially senior officers was a serious problem in the
setting up of federal government in Karachi. Most of them had migrated to India.
There was a
shortage of office space, equipment and furniture. This disturbed the direct connections between
the federal government and provincial governments. On the other hand, the provincial
governments were overburdened that needed very accurate connection between the centre and
the provinces to solve the problems of the Muslim refugees who had nothing to eat, drink, wear,
rest, etc. To counter the critical situation, the official system should have been efficient but due to
the lack of all these facilities the administrative authorities were painfully facing difficulties.
2: Division of Assets
The Indian government was not cooperative for transfer of record and equipment to Pakistan.
The civil administration was not handing over the promised financial, military, and other shares
that created mountainous hurdles to eradicate the pains and miseries of the refugees.
Financial Assets
The full financial share of Pakistan was not transferred. Initially rupees 200 million were
transferred that were not sufficient to meet the expenditures of the newly born state. The
Indian government was so reactionary that it tried its level best to block these funds to
suffocate the newly born Muslim state as they expected foolishly that Pakistan would
collapse and rejoin India soon after its existence. They did not release the remaining
funds until Gandhi’s threat of marn bert (fast until death). Under this pressure, more funds
were sent in early 1948 but no installment was later paid.
Military’s Division
As far as the problem in dividing man power there was no serious setback because the
division was not in the hand of third person and Muslims were free to come to their
dreamland, Pakistan. Anyhow, their shifting was slow and insecure. There were obstacles in the Pakistan’s share of weapons, equipment, and stores. The broken and
damaged stuff was sent by India. Pakistan did not get any ordinance factory. Reorganization of the Armed Forces was another tough job and the there was no army
officer up to the rank of colonel. The shortage of experienced officers convinced British
officers to continue their services. This also accelerated undue promotion in the military
services to fill the gap.
3: Integration of Princely States
There were over 560 princely states in India on the verge of the partition of India.
About 500
states had joined India before August 15 because of the motivation by V. P. Menon and
Mountbatten. The princes were inclined to honour every gesture of the British representative so
they conceded what the member of the Royal family (Mountbatten) wished. The Hindu-British
conspiracy blocked states to join Pakistan.
Junagadh
It was a small state with access to sea having about 7 lakh population and 3377 mile
area. The ruler was Muslim while the majority of its population was Hindu. The ruler
decided to accede to Pakistan and Pakistan also accepted the accession. In November
1947, the Indian troops entered the state and took its control. The referendum favoured India.
Hyderabad
It was geographically big and financially a rich state. Its ruler was Muslim and majority
population was Hindu. It was surrounded by India from all sides. The Nizam wanted to
stay independent. Mountbatten discouraged him and signed Standstill Agreement. But
India built pressure on the Nizam by sending its troops in September 1948 claiming that
serious law and order situation had developed. The state was integrated in India.
Kashmir
The most important state was Kashmir naturally connected with Pakistan. Its ruler was
Hindu while population was Muslim. The population inclined towards Pakistan but the
Hindu ruler declared to join India. The Kashmiri people revolt against the ruler in Poonch
area and soon it became widespread. The ruler sought Indian support. India demanded
accession. On October 27, 1947 Indian troops landed in Srinagar. The people continued
their struggle for independence and India promised to finally settle the matter with
reference to the people under the UN Resolutions.
4: Communal Riots and Refugees
The Communal riots occurred earlier in August 1946. The killing of Muslims in Indian areas forced
them to leave India. The Sikhs and Hindus attacked the refugee caravans and trains. There were
organized gangs to kill the Muslims. The refugee problem created critical condition in the border
areas. The massive migration proved serious economic and humanitarian problems for the new
state. The military was asked to help cope with the refugee problem
5: Canal Water Problem
The major rivers flow from Kashmir and some canal heads located in India. In 1948, India cut off
water to some canal that was a serious threat to agriculture in West Pakistan.
The Indian plans to
build water storage on the rivers that are vital for Pakistan’s economy worsened the situation. It
also showed the traditional anti-Muslim attitude. The World Bank settled the problem in
September 1960 (Indus Water Treaty).
6: Trade Problem and the Economy
India devalued its currency in 1949 but Pakistan refused to do so. It stopped trade that adversely
affected Pakistan’s economy as it depended on trade from India. Pakistan had inherited a weak
economy and poor industrial base. The beginning years of Pakistan were troubled and difficult
due to the India’s non-helpful policy and the war in Kashmir. It had profound impact on Pakistan’s
worldview and its relations with India. Pakistan strived for its survival and security.
Many Indians
and the British predicted the collapse of Pakistan. They were of the opinion that very soon the
Muslims would realize their blunder. They would be forced by the circumstances to go back to
join India. But PAKISTAN, by the grace of Almighty Allah, was able to meet the challenge even
with its problems.
Q: 150: (Answer should not exceed more than five lines each).
Scientific Society
The establishment of the Scientific Society is landmark in the educational movement of Syed Ahmad. It was established in Ghazipur and then moved with Syed Ahmad to Aligarh. First publication took place in Aligarh, Jan 9, 1864. Its main objective was to translate the classical works of English (Literature, Science, Engineering and Agriculture) into Urdu. Its stated injective was to “bring the knowledge and literature of the Western world within reach of the immense masses of the people of the east. In 1866, the Society became “Aligarh Institute Gazette” and continued to be published until Syed’ death.
The Allahabad Address of Allama Muhammad Iqbal
Iqbal presented a review of the political and social situation of India and solution of the ills
befalling India. He evaluated the importance of role of Islam in the lives of Muslims of British India. He said that the European view of duality of religion and state does not apply here in the Indian society. Rejecting the secularism he said, religion is not a totally personal affair.He explained that Islam offers an ethical order, socio-political structure, legal framework, code of life, culture and civilization. It is a living, dynamic force that has a profound impact on the lives of Indian Muslims. With the force of Islam the scattered and disoriented people have been turned into an organized force.
The Muslims are not willing to submerge their religious individuality. They have lack of trust, fear of domination from Hindus. If the British want any sort of internal harmony it would be impossible unless the communal question is settled. It’s historical reality that India is a continent inhabited by diverse people.
No political arrangement may be acceptable without recognizing this reality.
If the Muslims have an opportunity to develop in accordance with their Islamic civilization and tradition, they would be willing to sacrifice their lives for India.
Federalism cannot succeed without recognizing the national identity of the Muslims.
Territorial redistribution of British India on the basis of religion has become a need of time.
Punjab, NWFP, Sind and Balochistan be amalgamated into a state, self government within the British empire or without it. The formation of such a consolidated
North Western Muslim state appears to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of
North West India. To India, it will offer peace and security due to internal balance of
power.
Islam is a people building force in India that has given moral consciousness and political identity to the people.
The Lahore Resolution
The Muslim League held its annual session at Lahore on 22-24 March 1940. The Lahore
Resolution was moved by Maulvi Fazlul Haq and seconded by Ch.
Khaliquzzaman that finally
approved on March 24, 1940. Jinnah rightly expressed his valuable remarks about the political
circumstances of India and the Muslims stand. He said:
“Indian problem is not communal but international. No Constitution can work without recognizing this reality. Muslims of India will not accept a constitution that establishes a government of the Hindu majority on them. If Hindus and Muslims are placed under one democratic system, this would mean Hindu Raj.”
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Q: 151: (Answer should not exceed more than five lines each).
a: Risala Asbab-i-Baghawat-i-hind
Risala Asbab-i-Baghawat-i-Hind written by ser syed ahmed khan in 1858.it helped both the nations to redress their grievances.
b: Governor-General
Governor General could assign special tasks to any members of the Executive Council.Important matters were to be discussed with the Governor General. Mountbatten wanted to be joint GG (Governor General) of India and Pakistan while ML decided to appoint Jinnah as the first Governor General of Pakistan in July. Oath taking ceremony for GG (Governor General) and PM (Prime Minister) was held on August 15 1947.
c: Home Rule League
The All India Home Rule League was a national political organization founded in 1916 to lead the national demand for self-government, termed Home Rule.
The main aim of establishing the Home Rule League was to agitate for the achievement of Home Rule for India. Home Rule League made much progress and the cry of Home Rule resounded throughout the country. Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak were two prominent leaders of the Home Rule League
d: Nawab Salimullah Khan
Nawab Salimullah belonged to the most prominent land owning family of Bengal and was born in 1884 at Dhaka Nawab Salimullah was hardly seventeen year old when his father died in 1901 and he became the 'Nawab of Dhaka' He was a great advocate and champion of the cause of the Muslim rights and supported the plan for the partition of Bengal.In 1908 Nawab Salimullah presided over the all India Muslim Educational Conference. Amritsar. . He. was a nominated Member of the Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council in 1901.He was Vice President All India Muslim League in 1910 and 1913 and President of the League in 1912.
The annulment of the partition of Bengal in 1911 had deeply hurt him and he died at the young age of 31 on January 16.1915.
e: Sir Amir Ali
Syed Ameer Ali traced his lineage through the eighth Imam, Ali Al-Raza, to the Holy Prophet (S. A. W.). He was born on April 6, 1849. His father, on the advice of some friendly British officers, made a break with the traditions and gave his sons an English education. Ameer Ali was educated at Hoogly College He graduated in 1867 and became one of the first Muslim graduates in India. In 1868, he passed his MA in history, and law, and in the same year proceeded to England on a government scholarship to pursue his higher studies. In London, he joined the Temple Inn and made contacts with the elite of the city. He imbibed the influence of contemporary liberalism. He wrote a number of books on Islam and Islamic history. His most notable contributions are "The Spirit of Islam", "A Short History of the Saracens" and "Muhammadan Law". His book "Spirit of Islam", to some scholars, was the greatest single work on the liberal exposition of Islam.
He died on August 4, 1928 in Sussex.
Q: 152: Explain the Cabinet Mission Plan and reaction of the political parties.
The British Cabinet Mission of 1946 to India aimed to discuss and plan for the transfer of power from the British Raj to Indian leadership, providing India with independence under Dominion status in the Commonwealth of Nations. Formulated at the initiative of Clement Attlee, thePrime Minister of the United Kingdom, the mission consisted of Lord Pethick-Lawrence, the Secretary of State for India, Sir Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade, and A. V. Alexander, the First Lord of the Admiralty. Lord Wavell, the Viceroy of India, did not participate. The Mission's purpose was:
Hold preparatory discussions with elected representatives of British India and the Indian states in order to secure agreement as to the method of framing the constitution.
Set up a constitution body.
Set up an Executive Council with the support of the main Indian parties.
The approval of the plans would determine the composition of the new government. The Congress Working Committee had initially approved the plan. However, on 10 July, Jawaharlal Nehru, who later became the first prime minister of India, held a press conference in Bombaydeclaring that the Congress had agreed only to participate in the Constituent Assembly and "regards itself free to change or modify the Cabinet
Mission Plan as it thought best."[2] The Congress ruled out the June 16 plan, seeing it as the division of India into small states[citation needed]. Moreover,the Congress was a Centralist party. Intellectuals like Kanji Dawarkadas criticized the Cabinet Plan. Congress was against decentralization and it had been under pressure from Indian capitalists who wanted a strong Center. The plan's strongest opponent was the principal Indian
leader Mohandas Gandhi, due to the reason that the territories had been grouped together on the basis of religion[citation needed].
The Muslim League gave its approval to the plan. There was an impression that the Congress also had accepted the scheme and the Plan would be the basis of the future constitution of India[citation needed]. Jinnah, in his speech to the League Council, clearly stated that he recommended acceptance only because nothing better could be obtained[citation needed]. However, on declaration from the Congress President that the Congress could change the scheme through its majority in the Constituent Assembly, this meant that the minorities would be placed at the mercy of the majority. The Muslim League Council met at Bombay on 27 July. "Mr. Jinnah in his opening speech reiterated the demand for Pakistan as the only course left open to the Muslim League. After three days' discussion, the Council passed a resolution rejecting the Cabinet Mission Plan.
Q: 153: Elucidate Pakistan’s relations with the world in detail?
Pakistan has good relations with almost all the nations of the world on the basis
of mutuality of
interests, cordiality, peace and non-interference in internal affairs. Pakistan believes that
problems to be resolved peacefully.
Relations with Major Powers:
The nature of relations with major powers has varied. United States
Pakistan-US relations have been generally friendly but problems developed from time to time on
nuclear issue, arms sales, Kashmir etc. China
China proved to be a reliable and consistent friend over the periods of decades.
Pakistan
supported China diplomatically in the UN and the Outside. Both the countries have developed
close relations in all the areas including economic development and industrialization, defense,
science and technology, environment and trade. Russia
Pakistan has working relations with Russia but frequent problems remained unsolved during the
period of Cold War. Russia remained favorable to India at the cost of its relations with Pakistan.
On Kashmir issue, her attitude has been pro India.
Some economic relations strengthened the bilateral relations when Russia provided economic
and technological assistance to Pakistan in establishing steel mill in Karachi. In post-Cold War
era, Pakistan is trying to normalize the relations. The recent tour of President Musharraf is a step
towards this goal.
Economic Issues, Trade, Investment:
Greater importance is attributed to the issues like economic development, direct foreign
investment and trade relations in international relations. Foreign policy is linked with foreign assistance
from the World Bank, IMF, Asian Development Bank, International Development Bank
and other sources. Economic relations are both bilateral and multi-lateral. Technology, trade,
access to market and investment are keys to the cordial relations between the two countries.
Pakistan is also trying to establish its relations with other countries on the same footings.
Muslim States:
Being Islamic country, Pakistan has been always in search of good relations with the Muslim
countries. It has been a central point in the ideology of Pakistan even before Independence.
Solidarity with the Developing States:
Pakistan had been concerned with the issues and problems of the states of Asia, Africa and
Latin America. As it is developing countries it is well aware of the problems of underdevelopment,
poverty, disease, famine, civil strife and border disputes, refugees and drug addiction.
Pakistan always emphasized on the UN and developed countries to help them.
Peace cannot be
maintained if humanity is suffering.
Cooperation among developing countries in the areas of economic and technical assistance,
trade and diplomacy support to these causes should be enhanced
Q: 154: Comment on the importance of Education and why Pakistan’s position is low down in Literacy?
Importance of Education:
Education is a key to development for individual, society and state. It shapes natural qualities and
talents of the individuals. It has positive relevance to family and society. It also confers citizens’
confidence to deal with environment, a sense of purpose. Education provides a goal orientation
and is helpful to others by educating them.
Education provides entitlement to job and professions. It gives effective tanning to the citizens
about their rights and duties. It plays a more constructive role in character building of the person
and in turn society as a whole.
Education should be integrated to nation building and should be able to transmit the primary
values. Education should be responsible for the formation of attitude. It should transmit socialization among individuals.
Education system is designed according to the ideology of the state and its identity. Education is
the indicator of socio-economic development. For the real progress proper educational facilities
should be provided. Literacy rate should be enhanced. Trained and qualified human power can
make a nation success. Only such educated people can better be equipped to deal with changing
situations and challenges of the time. Education provides better understanding of international
environment that affects all of us. Islam asks Muslims to get education. Other religions also value
education.
Resource allocation for education is far from satisfactory. It is much less than what a large
number of countries spend on education, especially those having developed after World War II.
Most of these allocations go to salaries and administration.
Fewer amounts are given for infrastructure, facilities of research and development.
Low Literacy:
In Pakistan literacy rate is 46 per cent. While meaningful literacy is far less.
Female literacy is
lower. In rural areas literacy is much low.
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Q: 155: What were the main constitutional issues which Pakistan had to face at the beginning?
Major Issues
The major issues, the first constituent assembly faced, were about:
Federalism
Representation
Separate or Joint Electorate
The National Language Issue
Parliamentary or Presidential system
The Islamic or Secular State 1:
Federalism
1: Federalism
There was consensus on federalism but yet there were many issues to be settled.
The main was
that Pakistan consisted of two territorial parts, East Pakistan (with more population, less territory
but administratively one unit) and West Pakistan (administratively 4 units).
Federalism is meant to
accommodate such kind of diversity maintaining the unity of the state or country. Division of power:
It was the most difficult question that how the power would be divided between Centre
and the Provinces. The heritage of British rule gave the tradition of a Strong Centre. But the
provinces were demanding more Autonomy and Provincial Rights.
In the Interim Constitution and the 1956 Constitution tradition of strong centre continued.
2: Representation
Representation at the federal level was another conflicting issue because East Pakistan and
West Pakistan were different in population and size. On the other hand there was diversity in
Western part of Pakistan. The provinces of West Pakistan were also different in population and size. All of them were sensitive to their representation and provincial autonomy. To have a Standard Formula for the representation of units and population the Constituent
Assembly (CA) formed a Basic Principle Committee (BPC) on March 12, 1949.
The primary task
of this committee was to frame a set of basic principles for the future constitution of Pakistan.
3: Separate or Joint Electorate
Separate electorate was adopted on the demand of Muslims in 1909 by the British Government.
But the minorities did not favour this after independence. Religious elements supported this as a
part of heritage.
East: decided for Joint Electorate. West: Separate electorate.
1957: Joint Electorate was adopted for all Pakistan by the National Assembly.
4: The National Language Issue
Pre-independence: Muslim elite all over India adopted Urdu. In 1948 Jinnah declared that Urdu
would be the national language but provinces could use their languages. Opposition against Urdu was there in East Bengal. This became more pronounced after the death
of Jinnah as controversies erupted on constitution making. Language Movement started in East
Pakistan February, 1952.
There was a complaint about anti Bengali language attitude of the federal government.
Two-language formula was adopted in 1954. Since 1973 Urdu was adopted as national language
along with the support for development of regional languages.
5: Parliamentary or Presidential
There was a consensus for parliamentary system. But there was a limited demand for presidential
system. Supporters of Presidential system became dominant after the 1958 military takeover.
The 1962 Constitution was a Presidential constitution.
7: The Islamic or Secular State
From the very beginning of Pakistan Movement there was an agreement that the state will have
close relationship with Islam. Muslims defined their national identity with reference to Islam and
its heritage. Some opposition came from the Congress members of the Constituent Assembly,
and a few secularists. There was a BROAD AGREEMENT that the state will identify itself with Islam. The Constituent
Assembly took time to define the precise relationship between the state and Islam.
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But the fruit is sweet”
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